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Cognitive appraisal is the personal interpretation of a situation; it is how an individual views a situation. "Appraisals refer to direct, immediate, and intuitive evaluations made on the environment in reference to personal well-being." They are "evaluative frameworks that people utilize to make sense of events."〔 Appraisals provide a glimpse of how people subjectively experience their environments and are strong correlates of emotions.〔Yap A. and Tong E.M.W. 2009. (The Appraisal Rebound Effect: Cognitive Appraisals on the Rebound. ) ''Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin''. 35(9): 1208-1219〕 Cognitive appraisal is regarded by some sport psychologists as an important component of burnout. The perception of a situation can be the cause of a negative psychological reaction, rather than the situation itself. An athlete who loses a string of competitions can view it positively as a challenge and an opportunity to come back from adversity, or view it negatively as evidence that he or she will never be a successful competitor. Cognitive appraisals determine if an event will be perceived as stressful. When distress is high, some individuals may be motivated to enter psychotherapy, and some psychotherapists may explicitly target cognitive appraisals when providing treatment. Per Dienes, Torres-Harding, Reinecke, Freeman, and Sauer (2011), “cognitive therapies . . . focus on an individual’s beliefs about the self, the world, and the future. The sources of pathology, and therefore the targets of therapy, are thoughts – maladaptive cognitions – that are frequently automatic and ingrained”. When maladaptive cognitive appraisals are thought to cause or maintain distress, impairment, or psychopathology, therapists may assist clients to question the evidence related to an appraisal, notice when irrational fantasies about potential consequences of some situation are linked to the experience of distress or impairment, and begin to respond to these situations in a more rational manner.〔 ==Appraisal in Emotion== Patterns of emotion have long been researched with an interest in describing emotional experiences in terms of underlying dimensions. Traditionally theorists have only looked into two dimensions, pleasantness and arousal. With the review of two theorists, Roseman 〔Roseman, I. (1984). Cognitive determinants of emotions: A structural theory. In P. Shaver (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology: Vol.5. Emotions, relationships, and health (pp. 11-36). Beverly Hills: Sage.〕 and Scherer,〔Scherer, K. R. (1982). Emotion as process: Function, origin and regulation. Social Science Information, 21, 555-570.〕 there has been a new proposal of a now eight cognitive appraisal dimensions to distinguish emotional understanding. “Most people refer to emotions in categorical terms: ‘I was scared’ or ‘I was sad’.” 〔Ellsworth, Phoebe C., Smith, Craig A. Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 48(4), Apr 1985, 813-838. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.48.4.813〕 Most categorical theorists explain emotions as unstructured collections of distinct beings and, therefore, fail to capture the similarities and differences of emotions. A dimensional view of emotions is not incompatible with a categorical view. “Interrelations among emotions are not new. In 1896 Wundt 〔Wundt, W . (1897). Outlines of psychology (C. H. Judd, Trans.). Leipzig: Wilhelm Englemann. (Original work published 1896)〕 proposed a three-dimensional structure of emotions, and in 1941 Schlosber 〔Schlosberg, H. (1941). A scale of the judgment of facial expressions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 29, 497-510.〕 began a series of investigations into the structural interrelations among emotions.” 〔〔Engen, X, Levy, N., & Schlosberg, H. (1958). The dimensional analysis of a new series of facial expressions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 55, 454- 458〕 Pleasantness and level of activation (or arousal) are the only dimensions that have been found consistently across studies. There have been studies done on categorical and dimensional factors, but a third group of theorists identify with neither approach. They argue that emotional differences must undeniably involve differences in the way an organism appraises its environment.〔Arnold, M. B. (1960). Emotion and personality (2 Vols.). New York: Columbia University Press.〕 The descriptions of the individual emotions demonstrate that that each emotion is characterized by a unique pattern of cognitive appraisals. Theorists must take into consideration all three patters and the role that each cognitive appraisal (dimension, categorical or environmental) plays in distinguishing among emotions. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cognitive appraisal」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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